We would be remiss if we did not discuss some of the incredible serologic and genetic techniques that contribute to the fascination of forensic science. In recent years, these techniques have assisted forensic investigations that otherwise may have remained unsolved.

These techniques fulfill a crucial role in wildlife forensic cases as well. In many cases, an animal carcass has been processed into an unrecognizable form or trace evidence (i.e., blood stains) is all that is available.

For example, it may be necessary to identify meat samples stored in an individual's freezer or bloodstains in the bed of a truck. Antibody/antigen binding and electrophoresis techniques have been used to develop methods for identifying animal species and commonly are used to identify tissues in forensic cases.

As mentioned under the toxicosis section, these methods also may be used to help clarify the sequence of toxin exposure in cases of poisoned wildlife.

Various methods of DNA analysis also are used in wildlife forensics. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA profiling are incredibly sensitive and specific methods of identifying animal species and individuals.

Mitochondrial DNA is used for determining species and subspecies. Individual profiles often are based on nuclear DNA.

As this technology continues to expand, genetic profiles may become available for characterizing populations in different regions. This data could be applied to determining the origin of individuals, such as in cases where animals are captured from the wild and incorporated into game farms.

An amazing example of the investigative use of this technology appeared in an article in Audubon Magazine (January-February 2000) titled "Fishing for Evidence," where a group of individuals used PCR to identify endangered cetacean species among commercially harvested species in Japanese whale meat markets. The application of these techniques in wildlife law enforcement is limitless.

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